Stručni tekstovi
Busbar Technical Specification
Translate to your language Busbar Technical Specification Copper busbars are normally part of a larger generation or transmission system. The continuous rating of the main components such as generators, transformers, rectifiers, etc., therefore determine the nominal current carried by the busbars but in most power systems a one to four second short-circuit current has to be accommodated. The value... [Read more]
Dry-Type disc wound transformers in MV applications
Translate to your language Dry-Type disc wound transformers in MV applications Medium voltage, dry-type transformers may have their high voltage windings constructed using either the layer winding technique or the disc winding technique. Both winding techniques provide the same result in terms of electrical performance parameters, i.e. turns ratio, impedance etc. However, the use of transformers... [Read more]
Maintenance Of High Voltage Circuit Breakers
Translate to your language Maintenance Of High Voltage Circuit Breakers Most manufacturers recommend complete inspections, external and internal, at intervals of from 6 to 12 months. Experience has shown that a considerable expense is involved, some of which may be unnecessary, in adhering to the manufacturer’s recommendations of in ternal inspections at 6 to 12 month intervals. With... [Read more]
Simulacija rada dvostrano napajanog asinhronog motora (1)
Translate to your language Simulacija rada dvostrano napajanog asinhronog motora Automatizacija proizvodnih procesa uslovila je potrebu za stalnim usavršavanjem regulisanih elektromotornih pogona od kojih se zahtevaju pogodne regulacione karakteristike, smanjenje utroška električne energije, povećana pouzdanost, smanjenje tekućeg održavanja i dr. Neke statistike ukazuju na to da se u razvijenim... [Read more]
How Wind Turbines Work
Translate to your language How Wind Turbines Work Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth’s surface, and rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth’s terrain, bodies of water, and vegetation. Humans use this wind flow, or motion energy, for many purposes: sailing, flying... [Read more]
EES Kvalitet električne energije – viši harmonici (2)
Translate to your language EES Kvalitet električne energije - viši harmonici (2 deo) Nastavak prvog dela članka: EES Kvalitet električne energije – viši harmonici (1) Postavljanje filtera U slučajevima kada navedena rešenja nisu dovoljna ili nemoguće ih je izvesti primenjuje se rešenje ugradnjom filtera. Postoje tri vrste filtera: • Pasivni • Aktivni • Hibridni . Pasivni... [Read more]
Maintenance Of Meduim Voltage Circuit Breakers
Translate to your language Maintenance Of Meduim Voltage Circuit Breakers Medium-voltage circuit breakers rated between 1 and 72 kV may be assembled into metal-enclosed switchgear line ups for indoor use, or may be individual components installed outdoors in a substation. Air-break circuit breakers replaced oil-filled units for indoor applications, but are now themselves being replaced by vacuum... [Read more]
EES Kvalitet električne energije – viši harmonici (1)
Translate to your language EES Kvalitet električne energije - viši harmonici (prvi deo) Prisustvo velikog broja nelinearnih potrošača u distributivnim mrežama dovodi do niza negativnih efekata koji se odražavaju kako na samu mrežu tako i na ostale priključene potrošače. Zajednički interes potrošača i proizvođača električne energije je poslednjih godina doveo u žižu interesovanja... [Read more]
IEC 61850 Standard In Details (1)
Translate to your language International Standard - IEC 61850 The traditional approach to substation integration used standardized RTU protocols that were designed to provide protocol efficiency for operation over bandwidth limited serial links. While such limitations remain for many applications, substation hardened equipment implementing modern networking standards like Ethernet now provide a... [Read more]
Maintenance Of Low Voltage Circuit Breakers
Translate to your language Maintenance Of Low Voltage Circuit Breakers The deterioration of low voltage circuit breaker is normal and this process begins as soon as the circuit breaker is installed. If deterioration is not checked, it can cause failures and malfunctions. The purpose of an electrical preventive maintenance and testing program should be to recognize these factors and provide means... [Read more]
Maintenance Of Molded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCB)
Translate to your language Maintenance Of Molded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCB) The maintenance of circuit breakers deserves special consideration because of their importance for routine switching and for protection of other equipment. Electric transmission system breakups and equipment destruction can occur if a circuit breaker fails to operate because of a lack of preventive maintenance. The need... [Read more]
Caterpillar C175 Diesel Generator
Translate to your language Caterpillar C175 Diesel Generator 2-4MW The C175 family of diesel generator sets offers the most power you can get in any single high-speed package: 2-4MW. One of the most significant components in the development of the C175 was the integration of ACERT™ Technology into the engine platform. ACERT Technology is a synergistic approach utilizing a suite of complementary... [Read more]
LIGHTING FUNDAMENTALS
Translate to your language Lighting Fundamentals Illuminance is light falling on a surface measured in footcandles or lux. Distributed with an economic and visual plan, it becomes engineered lighting and, therefore, practical illumination. A lighting designer has four major objectives: 1. Provide the visibility required based on the task to be performed and the economic objectives. 2. Furnish high... [Read more]
Motors for dusty, potentially explosive atmospheres
Translate to your language Motors for dusty atmospheres – a potentially explosive development Industries dealing with solids handling, like food, pharmaceuticals and chemicals, must now use hazardous area motors, like the oil and gas industries have for many years. Combustible dust can be just as explosive as gas and needs to be treated accordingly. These days, dust is classed as a hazardous atmosphere,... [Read more]
Hydropower – Systems Overview (2)
Translate to your language Hydropower - Systems Overview Continued from first part of article: Hydropower – Systems Overview (1) Generator The generator converts the rotational energy from the turbine shaft into electricity. Efficiency is important at this stage too, but most modern, well-built generators deliver good efficiency. Direct current (DC) generators, or alternators with rectifiers,... [Read more]
Hydropower – Systems Overview (1)
Translate to your language Hydropower - Systems Overview Hydropower is based on simple concepts. Moving water turns a turbine, the turbine spins a generator, and electricity is produced. Many other components may be in a system, but it all begins with the energy already within the moving water. What Makes Water Power Water power is the combination of head and flow. Both must be present to produce... [Read more]
ABB i-bus KNX – Constant lighting control
Translate to your language ABB i-bus KNX - Constant lighting control Lighting in modern buildings is more than a basic requirement – it can play an important role in the architectural design and the energy efficiency of the building, not to mention the health, safety and well being of the occupants. With an impressive spectrum of products for the control, measurement, regulation and automation... [Read more]
ePlusMenuCAD 9
Translate to your language ePlusMenuCAD 9 - Advanced Electrical Design Tool ePlusMenuCAD 9 is finally released! Since version 3, ePlusMenuCAD has been changed and improved a lot, and now, version 9 is fine polished and most complete version so far. There are many improvements and some new things that will be very usefull to designers. Many electrical designers use AutoCAD platform in their daily... [Read more]
Mogućnosti nastanka kvarova kod podzemnih kablovskih vodova
Translate to your language Stručni tekst autora Dardan Klimenta, Viktor Kuč i Jordan Radosavljevic U ovom radu su predstavljene mogućnosti nastanka kvarova kod podzemnih kablovskih vodova usled radova na uklanjanju korenja okolnog visokog rastinja i ukazano je na potrebu da se tehnički propisi koji se trenutno koriste u Republici Srbiji i Republici Crnoj Gori moraju dopuniti regulativama koje... [Read more]
Grounded or Ungrounded Systems
Translate to your language Designing a quality grounding system is not only for the safety of employees but also provides the protection required for buildings and equipment. Ungrounded systems may provide greater continuity of operations in the event of a ground fault. However, the second fault will most likely be more catastrophic than a grounded system fault. Whenever ungrounded systems are used... [Read more]
Motor Operation Efficiency Under Abnormal Conditions
Translate to your language Motor Operation Efficiency Under Abnormal Conditions Operation under unusual service conditions may result in efficiency losses and the consumption of additional energy. Both standard and energy-efficient motors can have their efficiency and useful life reduced by a poorly maintained electrical system. Monitoring voltage is important for maintaining high-efficiency operation... [Read more]
Transformer heating and cooling
Translate to your language Power transformer In a real transformer, some power is dissipated in the form of heat. A portion of these power losses occur in the conductor windings due to electrical resistance and are referred to as copper losses. However, so-called iron losses from the transformer core are also important. The latter result from the rapid change of direction of the magnetic field,... [Read more]
ANSI code 50BF – Breaker failure
Translate to your language ANSI CODE : 50BF Circuit Breaker Failure This function is designed to detect the failure of breakers that do not open when a tripping order is sent. The „breaker failure“ protection function is activated by an O1 output tripping order received from the overcurrent protection functions (50/51, 50N/51N, 46, 67N, 67). It checks for the disappearance of current... [Read more]
Energy management
Translate to your language Energy management control center Energy management is the process of monitoring, coordinating, and controlling the generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical energy. The physical plant to be managed includes generating plants that produce energy fed through transformers to the high-voltage transmission network, interconnecting generating plants, and... [Read more]
Substation ventilation
Translate to your language Transformator shot with thermovision camera Substation ventilation is generally required to dissipate the heat produced by transformers and to allow drying after particularly wet or humid periods. However, a number of studies have shown that excessive ventilation can drastically increase condensation. Ventilation should therefore be kept to the minimum level required.... [Read more]
Air Insulated Substations – Bus/Switching Configurations
Translate to your language Air Insulated Substations Various factors affect the reliability of a substation, one of which is the arrangement of the switching devices. Arrangement of the switching devices will impact maintenance, protection, initial substation development, and cost. There are six types of substation bus switching arrangements commonly used in air insulated substations: 1. Single... [Read more]
Power quality
Translate to your language Power quality The term power quality seeks to quantify the condition of the electrical supply. It not only relates largely to voltage, but also deals with current and it is largely the corrupting effect of current disturbances upon voltage. Power quality can be quantified by a very broad range of parameters, some of which have been recognized and studied for as long as... [Read more]
Protection relays – important informations
Translate to your language Adjustment Of Protection Relays Parameters The successful operation of an MV distribution system depends on the proper selection and setting of switchgear relays. Protective relays are arguably the least understood component of medium voltage (MV) circuit protection. In fact, somebelieve that MV circuit breakers operate by themselves, without direct initiation by protective... [Read more]
ANSI standards for protection devices
Translate to your language ANSI Functions For Protection Devices In the design of electrical power systems, the ANSI Standard Device Numbers denote what features a protective device supports (such as a relay or circuit breaker). These types of devices protect electrical systems and components from damage when an unwanted event occurs, such as an electrical fault. ANSI numbers are used to identify... [Read more]
Vertical illuminance
Translate to your language With light, spaces can be defined and reinterpreted time and time again Vertical illuminance is a component of lighting design that is vitally important to architecture. Its primary purpose is to make spatial proportions and spatial limits visible. The opposite is the conventional horizontal illuminance, which is frequently the result of a purely functional, utilitarian... [Read more]
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